Cloneable fields group with advanced image field: images not always shown

I created a cloneable group of fields.

This group has two fields:

- text
- image_advanced

I, then, created a Metabox Group Skin for Elementor and used it on a template for a custom post type.

I added three clones of the group.

# Wrong behaviour 1: If first instance of the group doesn't have an image, no image is shown at all

- Cloned instance 1: no image set
- Cloned instance 2: has image
- Cloned instance 3: no image set

## Expected behaviour

The image is shown only for "Cloned instance 2".

## Current behaviour

No image is shown at all

## Example

- Post config
- Frontend rendering

https://imgur.com/a/snT0qHL

# Wrong behaviour 2: First and second instance have an image, the third hasn't, all images are shown, but the third is the one of the first instance

- Cloned instance 1: Has image_1
- Cloned instance 2: Has image_2
- Cloned instance 3: no image set

## Expected behaviour

- Instance 1 shows image_1
- Instance 2 shows image_2
- Instance 3 doesn't show any image

## Current behaviour

- Instance 1 shows image_1
- Instance 2 shows image_2
- **WRONG: Instance 3 shows image_1**

## Example

- Post config
- Frontend rendering

https://imgur.com/a/Fj95vOz

# How to reproduce

- Post type: https://pastebin.com/M0uxqeNH
- Custom Fields: https://pastebin.com/TP2xQuts
- Elementor Metabox Group Skin: https://pastebin.com/qQQ0L8Wr
- Elementor Single Post: https://pastebin.com/PzPYFUih