I got it.
I think you can do like this:
- Create a page for editing the posts (let's say page A) and paste the shortcode to the page content.
- In any post, create a link to the page A, passing the post_id
parameter via query string, like this:
$link = home_url( '/page-a/' );
$link = add_query_arg( 'rwmb_frontend_field_post_id', get_the_ID() );
echo '<a href="', $link, '">Edit this post</a>';